Dunder or magic methods in Python

Dunder or magic methods in Python are the methods having two prefix and suffix underscores in the method name. Dunder here means “Double Under (Underscores)”. These are commonly used for operator overloading. Few examples for magic methods are: __init__, __add__, __len__, __repr__ etc.

The __init__ method for initialization is invoked without any call, when an instance of a class is created, like constructors in certain other programming languages such as C++, Java, C#, PHP etc. These methods are the reason we can add two strings with ‘+’ operator without any explicit typecasting.

Here’s a simple implementation :

# declare our own string class class String:            # magic method to initiate object     def __init__(self, string):         self.string = string            # Driver Code if __name__ == '__main__':            # object creation     string1 = String('Hello')        # print object location     print(string1)

Output :

<__main__.String object at 0x7fe992215390>

 
The above snippet of code prints only the memory address of the string object. Let’s add a __repr__ method to represent our object.

# declare our own string class class String:            # magic method to initiate object     def __init__(self, string):         self.string = string                # print our string object     def __repr__(self):         return 'Object: {}'.format(self.string)    # Driver Code if __name__ == '__main__':            # object creation     string1 = String('Hello')        # print object location     print(string1)

Output :

Object: Hello

 
If we try to add a string to it :

# declare our own string class class String:            # magic method to initiate object     def __init__(self, string):         self.string = string                # print our string object     def __repr__(self):         return 'Object: {}'.format(self.string)    # Driver Code if __name__ == '__main__':            # object creation     string1 = String('Hello')            # concatenate String object and a string     print(string1 +' world')

Output :

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'String' and 'str'

 
Now add __add__ method to String class :

# declare our own string class class String:            # magic method to initiate object     def __init__(self, string):         self.string = string                 # print our string object     def __repr__(self):         return 'Object: {}'.format(self.string)                def __add__(self, other):         return self.string + other    # Driver Code if __name__ == '__main__':            # object creation     string1 = String('Hello')            # concatenate String object and a string     print(string1 +' Geeks')

Output :

Hello Geeks